Leslie Annexstein & Eileen Ordover Essay Example for Free

Leslie Annexstein Eileen Ordover Essay The issue of equity is one that remains and will continue to be relevant to organization managers. This has been particular challenging in industries that have been associated with particular genders, cultures or demographics which has increased the factors affecting individual performance and participation in organizations (Reeve, 2005). As shown in the article for the study, the issue has shown a great sensitivity to developing issues while at the same remains as an effective benchmark of changes in social perspectives. The sentiment expressed highlights not only the role of management in equal employment opportunities. Leslie Annexstein, Eileen Ordover, Levon Esters, Blannie Bowen and Edward Reeve are given credit in particularly for their efforts in the empowerment of women, the disabled as well as bridging social disparities. However, there is also acknowledgement that even with such advancement in research, legislation and social policies, equalitarian ideals are still far from being realized. It is troubling to think that despite legislation and popular acknowledgement of the need and value of diversity and equal opportunity that such disparities would persist. Therefore, the challenge is one that has to be taken up not only in the interest of social responsibility but as a means of ensuring one’s own welfare in the future (pp. 5-6). How can there be real sensitivity for diversity, in particular for language, cultural and social differences? Are current standards and measures able to accommodate for developing needs? What is the long term consequence of the inability to address issues? How the issues impact individual members of society? Reference Reeve, Johnmarshall (2005). Understanding Motivation and Emotion. New York: John Wiley SonsMook, D. G.

Metaphor Analysis of Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Metaphor Analysis Beast: The beast, the Lord of the Flies, is seen as a real object on the island which frightens the boys. Actually the beast is something internal, the Lord of the Flies is in soul and mind of the boys, leading them to the natural chaos of a society with no reasoning adults. Only Simon understands what the real beast is, but is killed when he tries to tell the boys about the Lord of the Flies. Conch: The conch shell symbolizes the law and order of the old adult world which Piggy tries so desperately to protect. The conch represents all the authority which the boys are so used to obeying. When Jack destroys the conch, anarchy quickly ensues because any hope of strong, central leadership has been abandoned. The island society collapses into chaos. Facepaint: This is the excuse many of the boys use for living as hunting savages, instead of civilized English citizens. The paint symbolizes the smoke-screen the beast uses to infiltrate the boys’ souls. Fire/Smoke: The smoke of the signal fire symbolizes the last best hope of the boys being rescued. To Piggy and Ralph, the fire represents the moral influence of their old life in England. When the fire goes out, Ralph loses his bearings, unsure of his next move. The fire is diatonically opposed to hunting, the activity of anarchy on the island. Island: Golding purposefully picked an island to be the landing place of the crashed plane because an island is isolated from the rest of society. The boys have no contact with the outside world and must look to themselves to solve the problems of their own micro-society. In this way, the island, which symbolizes isolation, serves as a perfect backdrop for the frailties of human nature which eventually surface. Glasses: The glasses symbolize the voice of reason and logic among the boys. Piggy defends his glasses even more than the conch. Piggy, who represents the superego of the boys’ (and society’s) collective personality, uses his glasses to find solutions to the boys’ problems.

Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Essay

As Antonia Peacocke quotes in her essay, â€Å"The show Family Guy is one of the first in history that has been canceled not just once, but twice† (300-301). The show was brought back in August 2000 and again in July 2001 when fans could not get enough of the adult cartoon. As well as being a fan favorite, Family Guy is also a controversial topic for critics all over the world. In the essay, â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious†, Antonia Peacocke analyzes the show and gives her reasons why it is not all negative and crude humor. Antonia Peacocke is a student at Harvard University. She is also a National Merit Scholar, and has won awards such as the Catherine Fairfax MacRae prize for Excellence in both English and Mathematics. She was asked to write this essay specifically for the book They Say, I say: with readings. The Peacocke’s main point of her entire essay is that she wants to let readers know why Family Guy is not a bad show, in her and others opinions, but one that has been criticized for solely bringing entertainment. Peacocke does a successful job in portraying this, but it is not completely clear until the end, where her thesis can be found. The very last sentence of the essay is her thesis: â€Å"While I love Family Guy as much as any fan, it’s important not to lose sight of what’s truly unfunny in real life – even as we appreciate what is hilarious in fiction† (Peacocke 308). Peacocke’s thesis could be a little more clear throughout her essay, therefore, I do not feel it is as effective as it could be, but the author clearly states her argument and presents her case. Peacocke starts the essay of by saying, â€Å" Before I was such a devotee, however, I was adamantly opposed to the program for its particular brand of humor† (Peacocke 300). She makes it clear her feelings about the show in the very beginning. Although she is a fan, she at one time disliked the show. She quotes Stephen Dubner, co-author of Freakonomics, as saying â€Å"a cartoon comedy that packs more gags per minute about race, sex, incest, bestiality, etc. than any other show [he] can think of† (Peacocke 300). She backs up her one time opinions by saying â€Å"It will come as no surprise that I was not alone in this view; many still denounce Family Guy as bigoted and crude† (Peacocke 300). Although the show is currently very successful, she says â€Å"It must be one of the few shows in television history that has been canceled not only once, but twice†¦ The show ran until August 2000, but was besieged by so many complaints†¦that Fox shelved it until July 2001† (Peacocke 300). Also, she says, â€Å"I must admit, I can see how parts of the show might seem offensive if taken at face value† (Peacocke 302). At one point Peacocke realized, â€Å" [I found myself] forced to give Family Guy a chance. It was simply everywhere â€Å" (Peacocke 302). One of Peacocke’s main points is that Family Guy has gained much positive attention. On Facebook, as Peacocke explains, â€Å"there are 23 universal separate Family Guy groups with a combined membership of 1,669 people (compared with only 6 groups protesting against Family Guy, with 105 members total). Users of the well-respected Internet Movie Database rate the show 8.8 out of 10† (Peacocke 303). As you can see, â€Å"among the public and within the industry, the show receives fantastic acclaim; it has won eight awards, including three primetime Emmys† (Peacocke 303). Also, when the show was on the brink of cancellation, â€Å" fans provided the brute source necessary to get it back on the air† (Peacocke 303). The more she was around the show, the more positively she viewed it. Peacocke then goes on to say that those who do not often watch the show, â€Å"could easily come to think that the cartoon takes pleasure in controversial humor just for its own s ake† Peacocke 303). The next main point that Peacocke claims is that viewers who â€Å"pay more attention and think about the creators’ intentions can see that Family Guy intelligently satirizes some aspects of American culture† (Peacocke 304). The next paragraph is a segment from an episode in season 4, which shows Stewie reading a book only because it was on the Oprah reading list. Peacocke says â€Å" [Brian and] Stewie demonstrate insightfully and comically how Americans are willing to follow the instructions of a celebrity blindly – and less willing to admit that they are doing so† (Peacocke 304). The jokes that Family Guy is known for, â€Å"attract a different kind of viewer. Such viewers are†¦conscious and critical viewers† (Peacocke 304). In my opinion, the very last sentence is the most powerful in the whole essay. Peacocke states â€Å"They are not – and I cannot stress this enough, self serving as it may seem – immoral or easily manipula ted people† (304). Peacocke says that it sheds light on, and allows viewers â€Å" the ability to analyze what they are watching, the creators of Family Guy point out the weaknesses and defects of U.S. society in a mocking and sometimes intolerant way† (Peacocke 305). A good example of this is the segment from the episode â€Å"I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar.† In this episode, â€Å"the ‘instructional video’ quoted above becomes not only funny but also insightful. In its satire, viewers can recognize the sickly sweet and falsely sensitive sexism of the 1950s in observing just how conveniently self-serving the speaker of the video appears. The message of the clips denounces and ridicules sexism rather than condoning it† (Peacocke 305). The last main point that Peacocke makes is that â€Å"Family Guy does not aim to hurt, and its creators take certain measures to keep it from hitting too hard†¦ Seth MacFarlane plainly states that there are certain jokes too upsetting to certain groups to go on the air† (Peacocke 307). Also, Peacocke states that â€Å"I believe Family Guy has its intelligent points, and some of its seemingly ‘coarse’ scenes often have hidden merit† (Peacocke 308). In the next sentence Peacocke does admit that â€Å"sometimes the creators do seem cross – or, perhaps, eagerly race past – the line of indecency† (Peacocke 308). In her closing paragraph, Peacocke questions the fact that â€Å"while Family Guy can provide a sort of relief by breaking down taboos, we must still wonder whether or not these taboos exist for a reason† (Peacocke 308). All three main points that the author makes are valid, and as seen in quotes, each main topic is backed up by main points. The first main point is that Family Guy is gaining positive attention. Although this is a valid point, as seen by the popularity, and the awards, this isn’t reason enough to call the show ‘good.’ As the author states, at one point she was not a fan of the show but it later turned onto it by exposure. The content of the show did not change for her opinion to change, she just gave the show a chance and realized she liked the humor. The second main point is that the show makes intellectual references to American culture. This is a valid point as to why the show is good. Any show with a little bit of substance makes references to the past and current topics. It tells what is going on in the world, and explains topics everybody should be aware of. The last main point is that Family Guy breaks rules that no other major TV program or network has been able to break. Although many critics believe these are rules that shouldn’t be broken, the creators believe it needs to be done. This makes it a ‘good’ because it crosses boundaries that others are afraid to cross. Conclusion will link back to first comparison to Freud. Work Cited Peacocke, Antonia. â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.† They Say, I Say: with readings. Ed. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, and Gerald Graff. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. 300-308. Print.

How to Conjugate the Verb Aspettare in Italian

Some definitions of â€Å"aspettare† include: To wait forTo expectTo lie ahead of What to Know About â€Å"Aspettare It’s a regular verb, so it follows the typical -are verb ending pattern.It’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"aspettare†.The participio passato is â€Å"aspettato†.The gerund form is â€Å"aspettando†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo aspettato†. INDICATIVO/INDICATIVE Il presente io aspetto                           noi aspettiamo tu aspetti                             voi aspettate lui, lei, Lei aspetta        essi, Loro aspettano   Esempi: Ti aspetto, amore mio! - I’ll wait for you, my love!Aspettatemi, sto arrivando! - Wait for me, I’m on my way! Il passato prossimo io ho aspettato                           noi abbiamo aspettato tu hai aspettato                        voi avete aspettato lui, lei, Lei, ha aspettato     essi, Loro hanno aspettato Esempi: L’ha aspettato per ore ed ore, perà ² alla fine le ha dato buca! - She waited for him for hours and hours, but in the end he stood her up.Rachel e Silvia hanno aspettato il traghetto a Porto Azzurro. - Rachel and Silvia waited for the ferry-boat at Porto Azzurro. L’imperfetto io aspettavo                       Ã‚  noi aspettavamo tu aspettavi                          voi aspettavate lui, lei, Lei aspettava     essi, Loro aspettavano Esempi: Che cosa aspettavi? - What have you been waiting for?Mi aspettavo un trattamento diverso! - I expected to be treated differently! Il trapassato prossimo io avevo aspettato                       Ã‚  noi avevamo aspettato tu avevi aspettato                          voi avevate aspettato lui, lei, Lei aveva aspettato     essi, Loro avevano aspettato Esempi: Avevamo aspettato fin troppo. - We had waited for too long. Il passato remoto io aspettai                                   noi aspettammo tu aspettasti                              voi aspettaste lui, lei, Lei aspettà ²Ã‚                 essi, Loro aspettarono Esempi: Aspettai solo cinque minuti, ma mi sembrarono una vita! - I waited just for five minutes, but it seemed like a lifetime! Il trapassato remoto io ebbi aspettato                                   noi avemmo aspettato tu avesti aspettato                             Ã‚  voi aveste aspettato lui, lei, Lei ebbe aspettato              essi, Loro ebbero aspettato TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io aspetterà ²Ã‚                                   noi aspetteremo tu aspetterai                                   voi aspetterete lui, lei, Lei aspetterà  Ã‚                 essi, Loro aspetteranno Esempi: Vi aspetterà   al bar, va bene? - He’ll wait for you all at the bar, okay?Ti aspetterà ² per sempre, sei la donna della mia vita Anna! - I’ll wait for you forever, you’re the woman of my life, Anna! Il futuro anteriore io avrà ² aspettato                             Ã‚  noi avremo aspettato tu avrai aspettato                             Ã‚  voi avrete aspettato lui, lei, Lei avrà   aspettato            essi, Loro avranno aspettato Esempi: Avremo aspettato circa quattro ore, non ricordo. - We must have waited for about four hours, I don’t remember. CONGIUNTIVO/SUBJUNCTIVE Il presente che io aspetti                             Ã‚  che noi aspettiamo che tu aspetti                              che voi aspettiate che lui, lei, Lei aspetti           che essi, Loro aspettino Esempi: Penso che Mario si aspetti un regalo. - I think Mario expects a gift. Il passato io abbia aspettato                           Ã‚  noi abbiamo aspettato tu abbia aspettato                           Ã‚  voi abbiate aspettato lui, lei, egli abbia aspettato     Ã‚  essi, Loro abbiano aspettato Esempi: Immagino che lui abbia aspettato pià ¹ tempo di lei. - I imagine that he waited longer than her. L’imperfetto io aspettassi                             noi aspettassimo tu aspettassi                             voi aspettaste lui, lei, egli aspettasse     Ã‚  essi, Loro aspettassero Esempi: Immagino che lui si aspettasse qualcosa di pià ¹ da lei! - I imagine he expected something more from her. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi aspettato                             Ã‚  noi avessimo aspettato tu avessi aspettato                             Ã‚  voi aveste aspettato lui, lei, Lei avesse aspettato        Ã‚  essi, Loro avessero aspettato Esempi: Se aveste aspettato al ristorante, avreste potuto mangiare con noi. - If you all had waited at the restaurant, you could have eaten with us. CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io  aspetterei                                      noi aspetteremmo tu  aspetteresti                                Ã‚  voi aspettereste lui, lei, Lei aspetterebbe        Ã‚  essi, Loro aspetterebbero​ Aspetterei per trenta minuti, e se lui non arriva, partirei. - I would wait for 30 minutes, and if he doesn’t get there, I would leave. Esempi: Il passato io avrei aspettato                                   Ã‚  noi avremmo aspettato tu avresti aspettato                                voi avreste aspettato lui, lei, egli avrebbe aspettato        essi, Loro avrebbero aspettato Se fossero arrivati puntuali, li avrei aspettati. - If they had come on time, I would have waited for them. Cosa ti saresti aspettato dopo esserti comportato cosà ¬ male? - What would you have expected when you acted so poorly?

The Interactions Between Inmates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 747 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Subculture Essay Did you like this example? The interactions between inmates within a prison, and the behaviors thereof, has always held a special level of interest to psychologists. Sure, institutions are developed such that there are set strict rules to provide structure to the inmates. From limited access to the outdoors or cafeteria, to which jobs which inmates can have, the rules should be the end-all be-all for residents of the institution. However, there is one set of rules and expectations that is even more valued than those set forth by correctional officers. Though there is some debate about how and why it is developed, most prisons have an unwritten and informal, however desperately important, prison code. How inmates adopt these unwritten rules and the behaviors required by them is referred to as prisonization. Prisonization and the prison subculture developed as a result have piqued the interest of many psychologists within the past 80 or so years, yielding an extensive amount of research and two prevailing theories as to why this happens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Interactions Between Inmates" essay for you Create order The first theory that describes why a prison code would develop and why inmates would prisonize to the code even if they were processed post-code-formation is the deprivation theory. This theory holds that inmates are generally all fairly affected by the depriving nature of the rules and conditions of prisons. A prison code, then, is formed to cope with the lack of liberty, autonomy, security, goods and services, and heterosexual relationships. In some ways, this is a genius coping mechanism, in which humans in adverse conditions develop their own set of rules to understand their unique situation. It forces inmates to solve problems collectively and develop a society amongst themselves. The prevailing idea as to why this happens is that prison changes people, and their behavior is a direct effect of the fact that they have been put in prison. The second theory as to why prisonization occurs is a criticism of the deprivation theory. Understanding that not every inmate becomes highly prisonized, the importation theory maintains that inmates are more or less themselves within a prison, and they do not have to alter their behavior to adopt the code. In fact, their receptivity and willingness to adapt to the code is shaped by how the inmates were socialized before they ever came to prison. This means that age, race, religion, gender, socioeconomic status, criminal records, and even attitudes towards the legal system on the whole, can all affect how well an inmate will prisonize. Instead of holding to the idea that inmates are changed by prison, the importation theory holds that who you are in prison is a reflection of who you are in other scenarios, but prison cannot make you a different person. In my opinion, prisonization is actually a result of both theories. While some inmates may be processed into a prison with a violent record or a desire to be at the top of the food chain, others will follow along with the rules simply to survive. Prison can change people and make them act in ways that they have never imagined they would have, but some people fully embrace themselves and their internal natures in prison. Both are valid arguments, which lead to the same end. In that case, the reason for which some inmates prisonize differently than others is because they could be experiencing the prisonization process differently. Its either eat or be eaten, or strictly a method of survival. No matter how they come about, prison codes hold a great level of influence over the inmates in a prison. There are expectations for behavior, who certain individuals can talk to, how one is expected to treat a correctional officer, and an acceptance of homosexual relationships between inmates which could have otherwise been frowned open in general society. Furthermore, these social rules can lead to intense feelings of loyalty to certain leaders of prison society, and even the development of gangs within the prison. Prison codes also yield their own economy, generally based on what is offered in the commissary. In the past, many prisons held an economic system based on cigarettes, as they held their value for long periods of time, and had different denominations (single, pack, carton) within the system. The value that each denomination had was largely based on those higher up in the societal chain, who could determine how much a cigarette was worth. This system was obviously not put into place by correctional officers or other prison officials, but was legitimate nonetheless.

The History Of Western Music - 1381 Words

The History of Western Music Throughout history all cultures have been influenced by music. Before the Baroque era in music there were many forms of western music. Most of this music was monophonic, sung in chant used mostly for religious purposes. During the previous millennia most music was sung in chant form with very little accompaniment, save a harp or a violin. In these times music was a simple art, sung by the people to praise the Lord. Eventually polyphonic music developed, first starting as monophonic chant sung in thirds and fifths, and later contrapuntal music was created. During this time the music notation system was standardized, originally a modified Greek system; music notation evolved into the notation that is used today. Having the use of music notation set the foundation for Baroque music and for all music after that. In the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century the Baroque style of music started in Italy. Italy, where the renaissance started, was able to create a new type of music rich in feeling, but less intricate than much of the previous renaissance music that was centered towards the north (France and the area now occupied by the Netherlands). New ideas, like interplay between the various instruments in an orchestra, became prevalent, unlike the monophonic music of previous years. As new instruments were incorporated into orchestras and compositions became increasingly more instrumental interplay had an increasing new role in the newShow MoreRelatedMusic And Painting From 20th Century Western Music History1118 Words   |  5 PagesYaojun Song Mus114 Sam Music and Painting During the study of 20th-century Western music history in this class, I found out there are may same movements of art and music. I took 20th century Art history as well so there is always the comparison of them in my mind. Music and art appear to be two different art forms. 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This gives the music some unique qualities such as being unpredictable, unending, and for some, brings less attention to the music and more attention to the drama thatRead MoreMusic s Influence On Western Music1347 Words   |  6 PagesI’m concerned, music has magical power, as the saying goes, music makes a qualities of race higher and expensive, where have music, where enjoy to melt . I think western music is the most fashionable music in the world.Even in classical western music, it was also very modern.Western music has very long history, experienced lots of difficulties and changes. Until now, there are still many researchers studying western music’s history. As I know, early western music mostly were light music which didn’tRead MoreEssay on Western Influence on Chinese Music1222 Words   |  5 PagesWestern Influence on Chinese Music China has long been the cultural hub of Asia, and has had the longest amount of contact of any Asian country with other Western countries. Ever since the Silk Road was established, China has been trading with other Western countries and exchanging aspects of their cultures with one another. One of these aspects is music. But how exactly has Western music influenced Chinese music? In order to understand this, we must look at the history of Western encountersRead MoreEssay on Chinese Music631 Words   |  3 PagesChinese music is described as a unique form of art. Even today, the Modern Chinese music has a Western Modern Music style. The music has its own characteristics and is very much distinct. History Chinese music dates back to 1000 BC. A man named Ling Lun created the first of the musical instruments in China. Ling Lun developed a set of 60 bells. From these bells, he created a mathematical method for creating pitch pipes to tune the bells. 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World Without Aids Essay Example For Students

World Without Aids Essay Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Today, despite the continuing production of better antibiotics since the discovery of penicillin, we are facing an infectious disease against which all these drugs are virtually powerless. This disease is spreading inexorably, killing more people and more people each year. AIDS does not know no national boundaries and does not discriminate by race or sex. It is rampaging not only throughout the United States, but also through Africa, India, China, Russia, Europe, South America, and the Caribbean countries. Even infants and children are at risk. AIDS is similar to the bubonic plague or the BLACK DEATH that killed perhaps one-third in Europe in the 14th century. Yet, the difference from the Black Death and AIDS is that it is in slow motion because the infectious agent that causes AIDS can remain dormant in a persons body for several years before it causes illness, and because death from AIDS can be slow and drawn out once symptoms appear. AIDS is essentially a disease of the immune system. The bodys defenses are destroyed and the patient becomes prey to the infections and cancers that would normally be fought off without any trouble. In 1984 it was proved that AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A virus is a minute infectious particle that enters and kills the immune cells, or lymphocytes. Because it destroys the very mechanism humans rely on for protection, prior to 1996 contracting Aids was considered a death sentence. For many years, 85 to 90 percent of all AIDS patients died within three years. They might have recovered from one infection only to succumb to another a few months later. Between infections they remain weak, emaciated and unable to work or carry on normal activities. In late 1996, almost 15 years after the first reported AIDS cases, researchers made the discovery that a certain combination of newly developed drugs could substantially prolong life in some AIDS patients. But AIDS i s a fiendish virus. When researchers cleared it out of a patients bloodstream, it hid in the lymph nodes. Scientists, figured out how to banish it from the lymph nodes, they found the virus lurking in the brain. Although, there is hope for a cure because they have done some experiments isolating a gene and it has had good results in some people infected with AIDS. The area that many people are concerned is with Southeast Asia-particularly India. At 900 million, Indias population is almost double that sub-Saharan Africa, which, with 13.3 million HIV-positive adults, accounts for 60 percent of the worlds total adult infections. The major reasons for such spread in India and following Africa is the high rate of their population, poverty rate, and other risk factors all point to a likely explosion. The number of HIV infections worldwide doubled between 1991 and 1996-and that number is expected to double again by the year 2000. By the turn of the century, about 44 million people will hav e fallen victim to the virus that causes AIDS. The signs of hope do not stop by the reason of Prevention Programs which they have succeeded in reducing HIV-infection rates dramatically among young men in Thailand and young women in Uganda-two of the countries hit hardest by the3 disease. The rate of new infections have also dropped sharply among gay men in the United States, Australia, Canada, and western Europe. However, many ingredients of the AIDS epidemic are still mystery. The cause of AIDS remained uncertain for several years after its discovery. Even now, there are questions about how efficiently the AIDS virus spreads, whether it will kill everyone who gets it, and why the virus is do devastating to the immune system. Its initial spread was in the United States was among groups that are frowned upon by society-homosexuals and intravenous(drug users)- AIDS has a stigma associated with it. This makes the disease difficult to confront rationally. However, people are terrified even by the word of AIDS. The virus does not get transmitted by any body contact neither through the air. However, the disease does not pass from one person to another through the air, by sneezing, on eating utensils, by shaking hands, or through body contact in sports. There are only four ways it can be spread: through injection with a needle contaminated with HIV, which it can happen when drug addicts share needle s; by receiving a transfusion of contaminated blood; or-in the case of infant with an HIV-positive mother-having the virus transmitted through the placenta before birth, or the mothers milk after birth. For years, some people to refused to admit AIDS was a problem. Although, the disease first received national attention in 1982, when the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) noticed an alarming rate of rare cancer (Kaposis sarcoma) in otherwise healthy gay men. SOUNDING THE FIRST ALARMThree patients examined by Dr.Gottlieb were very ill. Interestingly, they had several striking features in common. All had unusual infections such as thrush, which is the growth in the throat of a fungus called Candida; or a rare type of pneumonia caused by a parasite called Pneumocystis. Also, they had been infected by less-common viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis, or by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Taken together, the infections pointed to a serious defect in the patients immune systems. Sure enough, when Dr. Gottlieb drew a vial blood from each patient and measured special kind of immune cell called a T-helper lymphocyte, all three patients tests gave the same startling result. They were virtually devoid of T-helper cells, Dr. Gottlieb found. It was clear that they had seriously deficient immune systems. The three men had something else in common: they were all homosexuals. At that time it was not clear that the patients homosexuality was related to the illness; a patients sexual preference had never before been considered the determining factor of a medical disorder. That situation was about to change radically. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDSEarly symptoms of HIV, lasting between one and four weeks, can mimic that of mononucleosis, with symptoms such as swellings of the lymph nodes, headache, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, sweating and sore throat. Often of these symptoms are mistaken for the flu or another viral-type infection, so people may not even be aware that they have been infected with HIV. Even if the patient has seen a doctor, the physician may dismiss the symptoms as a viral infection. In nearly all the cases, this stage dissipates due to the healthy immune systems ability to fight the initial infection. Early symptoms may include:*Herpes zoster (shingles), a skin rash that appear on the chest, abdomen, and/or back. *Herpes simplex, a common sexually transmits disease that affects the rectal, genital, esophageal regions of the body. Painful lesions can erupt into ulcerations of the area. In HIV/AIDS patients, this may become a chronic condition. *Thrush, a white coating on the walls of the mouth, gums, and on the tongue, that is caused by a fungus called Candida Albicans. *Excessive bruising and bleeding that occurs when a person develops antibodies which attack the bodys platelets-cells which help blood to clot. This condition can go unnoticed, and is often not detected until a routine blood test is performed. *Chronic or intermittent diarrhea, found both in early and late stages of HIV infection. As the immune system becomes increasingly compromised, the body is not able to fight off more serious infections that a normal intact immune system could suppress. Some of these life threatening infection include:*Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by parasite called pneumoncytis carinii. Symptoms include fever and respiratory complications that often lead to death. *Kaposis sarcoma, a condition in which tumors of the blood vessels develop on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, mouth, lungs, groin, brain liver, and lymph glands. The mall, nonpainful lesions usually are a red, brown, or purple color. *Tuberculosis (TB), which can occur in both early and late stages of HIV. Symptoms include night sweats, fever, cough, and weight loss. One of the major problems with this aspect of the disease is the development of TB strains resistant to drugs, making it harder and harder to treat. *Mycobacterium avium complex, which produces fatigue, chills, night sweats, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. *HIV related lymphoma, swollen lymph glands in the neck, groin region, or under the arms. This requires radiation and chemotherapy treatment. *Toxoplasmosis encephalitis, caused by a parasite, which produces an infection in the brain leading to neuro logical impairment and seizures. Symptoms include headaches, fever, lethargy, confusion, and loss of balance or coordination. Wal-Mart Tire and Lube Observation Evaluation EssayBut with the regard of the two ways that AIDS is transmitted, blood and sex, it is clear the illness does not select particular groups to afflict. It does not matter if you whether you are a man or women, or what type of lifestyle you practice. If you are injected or transfused with contagious blood or take into your body other contagious bodily fluids, such as vaginal secretions or semen, you run a high risk of getting AIDS. Minute amounts of these fluids pose very little threat to transmitting the virus, and most nongenital fluids, such as saliva, are currently thought to pose no risk whatsoever of transmitting it. There is, however, a theoretical risk involved when any fluid is passed from an infected person, though the relative risk is extremely small. Research is still being done to prove these conjecture. 80 percent of babies HIV positive did not develop AIDS although, their mother had AIDS. HEMOPHILIACSThere are several diseases in which the blood does not clot properly. Those born with these conditions lack one of the many elements in the blood that are essential to stop bleeding. Hemophilia A is an inherited clotting disorder that afflicts men almost exclusively. In a person with severe hemophilia A, internal bleeding or bleeding into joints can lead to serious complication, possibly even death. Even small cuts clot slowly. It was persons with severe hemophilia A who were at highest risk to get AIDS. To control their bleeding tendency, hemophiliacs inject themselves with a concentrated preparation made from the blood of persons with normal clotting ability. This preparation, called Factor VIII, is credited with increasing the life expectancy of hemophiliacs in the last two decades from 35 to 55 years old. Some hemophiliacs have a mild disorder and use Factor VIII only when they actually have a bleeding episode. But all hemophiliacs depend on it at some point. Factor V III, which was life saving for hemophiliacs, suddenly turned to be an instrument of death. The preparation is made by pooling blood collected from 2,000 to 5,000donors, then concentrating it, quick-drying it, and putting it in vials. Because so many peoples blood was represented in each vial of Factor VIII, the possibility existed that at least one donor had AIDS or was harboring the AIDS organism-especially because drug users (until concerns were raised about infected donors) often sold their blood for cash. And because each hemophiliac uses 20, 30, or 40 vials of Factor VIIII each year, there was a good chance that he would encounter a contaminated vial sooner or later. IDENTIFYING THE VIRUSIn particular, no known infectious agent was capable of producing the specific destruction of the immune system that AIDS causes. Underlying all the symptoms of AIDS is one primary defect: loss of a pivotal type of white blood cells called the T4 helper lymphocyte(The role of T4 lymphocytes is to help other types of immune cells become active and do their job. Without the T4 helper cells, the immune system virtually shuts down. And in some AIDS patients there was an almost complete loss of T4 helper cells. Viruses are the most minute form of life. Some people would not even call viruses living organisms. They are many times smaller than bacteria, the other cause of human infectious disease. Whereas bacteria are independent, able to grow and reproduce outside cells of the organism they infect, viruses are parasites. In order to make more of their kind, viruses must enter the cells of the creature they infect and take over the cellular machinery. They subvert its p roductive power by making more of their own kind. The cell dies, but the virus thrives. The virus is an intracellular parasite because its structure, unlike that of a bacterium, is too rudimentary to sustain itself-it must live within another cell (Bacteria are internally complex, containing all the equipment necessary for life). Viruses contain only the genetic material necessary to propagate themselves and a tightly wrapped protective coat of proteins. These differences lead to a crucial medical distinction between bacteria and viruses. Twentieth-century medical science has developed many antibiotics drugs, such as penicillin, to combat bacterial infections. But viruses are more difficult to kill. Because they reproduce inside of our own cells, it is difficult to find a drug to stop the virus from reproducing without harming the host cell. Progress against diseases caused by viruses-such as small pox, mumps, measles, and polio-has come through vaccines, which prevent infections. Latency, means that the infection stays in a persons body for a while before it causes clinical illness. Because viruses can lie dormant inside cells, they can have long latency periods. The latency periods for AIDS-the time between exposure to the infection and the first symptoms-may be as long as eight years, but it is usually three to five years. In children the latency is much shorter, and in women it may be shorter than in men. Persistence refers to how long the infectious agent remains after it starts the disease. With AIDS it is most likely that the agent stays for the persons remaining lifetime. Despite treatment of each opportunistic infection, the immune system remains impaired. As fast as new immune cells are made they are destroyed. One tentative conclusion is that a viral ancestor of HIV evolved in Africa millions of years ago and affected monkeys. Gradually it changed to the form of HIV we see today. But this still does not explain why the virus suddenly started causing human disease in the last quarter of the 20th century. THE OFFICIAL U.S. DEFINITION OF AIDSThere are two factors which determine the category: T-cell count and history of disease of symptoms. The T-cell (officially called CD4+T-lymphocyte) is the vulnerable immune system cell the HIV virus attacks, then uses as a breeding ground. Eventually, the T-cells killed by the virus. As a persons T-cell count decreases, the risk of severe disease, or opportunistic illness, increases. The three official levels of T-cell counts are:Level 1: a T-cell count greater than 500cells/mlLevel 2: a T-cell count between 200-499 cells/mlLevel 3: a T-cell count less than 200 cells/mlThese categories are based on the lowest T-cell count registered by a person. For example, someone who once tested at 180 but later received a boost in T-cells from a new protease inhibitor would still be considered level 3. To determine the three official government classifications, symptoms are also a factor. For example, a patient is in AIDS category 1 if he or she is asynmptomat ic (no symptoms) and has a level 1 T-cell count. An AIDS category 2 patient has a level 2 T-cell count and at least one of the early stage illness but has not developed a later-stage disease, such as pneumonia or Kaposis sarcoma. In category 3-full-blown AIDS-the T-cell count has dropped below 200 and the patient has developed a later-stage disease. TREATMENT BREAKTHROUGHSThere have been so many attempts to find a solution to end with AIDS but its too complex and we know little of it, therefore its difficult to find a solution. Although, many experiments have been made for example the cocktail. Its a treatment of vaccines that combine with an AZT. However, this vaccines does work for some but for others it does not do anything. Yet, the newest discovery is that some people are born with a certain type of gene that does not develop AIDS but has the virus. So this person may pass on the Virus and have it himself but it will not affect him at all. TABLE OF CONTENTS1-INTRODUCTION2-WHAT IS AIDS?3-WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS4-KAPOSIS SARCOMA5-WHY HOMOSEXUALS?6-PUZZLING SYMPTOMS7-INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS8-HEMOPHILIACS9-IDENTIFYING THE VIRUS10-THE OFFICIAL U.S. DEFINITION OF AIDS11-TREATMENT BREAKTHROUGHSBIBLIOGRAPHY Check, William. The Encyclopedia of Health AIDS. Chelsea House Publishers; Philadelphia: 1999 Encarta Encyclopedia 97AIDS Microsoft Windows. Center For AIDS Prevention Studies:www.caps.ucsf.edu(March 1, 2000) JAMA HIV/AIDS Information center:www.ama.assn.org/special/hivhome.htm(March 1,2000) International Association Of Physicians in AIDS Care:www.iapac.org/ (March 1,2000)Science Essays